PROPERTIES OF THE
GUGLER PRIMARY BATTERY'
BY
A. A. PERRINE
ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
1912
637,8B
P41
nm; ".» • .m
of lec>;:li:^l^iiJ.gy
UNWERSriT LlESiimiES
AT 2 68
A. A. Perrine.
Experimental determination
of the properties of the
AK EXRERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE PROPERTIES
OF THE
"GUGLER PRIMARY BATTERY"
PRESENTED BY
ARTHUR A.R.PERRINE
TO THE
PRESIDENT AND FACULTY
OP
ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE DEGREE
OP
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER.
MAY 1912.
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.flaHKIOl^E JAOIHTOaja
.2iei YAM
TABLE OP COHTEHTS.
Page,
Bibliography 1.
Calibration of InstruiTjents 2.
Introduction 10.
History of Primary Battery 15.
Tbeory of the Yoltaic Element 20.
Desoription of the Cell 28.
?reights of Materials 35.
Part I Discharging at a
Constant Hate 40.
Part II Discharging Cell at an
Intermittant Rate 55.
Part III Discharging Cell at an
Intermittant Rate 65.
Part IV Test of a Copper Sulphate
Cell 75.
Part Y Siimrcation and Discussion
of Results 63.
23465
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.93JB9:
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.ai ^■^^^" --'-■^■-'- ^.,..;iixH
.OS d-nsffisXi ox«j*Io? eriJ" lo •;io9ifT
♦ 8S'. II a Osxf* lo floiJ-'-jrioas"
.OJ^ ^ 9ti-x *0b;J8koO
as ti^ II. ■■.3'ii^rfoe.':''
i-iB *6 IleO -gai-^rsdcsta III *ib^
.56 - tnB + i'XuiTBtnl
.dV
3IBIIQGIL\FHY.
"Electricity "ind Magnetism", "by
T. Gary :^oster and Alfred ". '^orter,
"Electrical and Ii^agnetic Oalcilations" ,
■by Atl{:inson.
The "Toltaic Cell',' "by "^ark ''^enjanin.
"".alvanio Batteries'; by S. ?.. ■^otlone.
"Priiiary batteries',' "by r. Ti. G coper.
"Electric Batteries'; oy A. ITar-det.
."'onrnal of Prunklin In^jtitnte:
"A HeTV Primary Battsry for lar^e Gi^rrents",
■by Carl Herring, riov. 1909.
(1)
''<'
'.£)
CAri3RATICT OP TITSTSUT.^EI^ITS.
(2)
Calibration of Instrtoients.
The instruments used to measure the current
and voltage for these tests were Teston Yolt-meter
Model 45 #6093 and Weston Milli-volt meter IJodel
45 #5792 with one and ten ampere shunts.
It was deemed advisable to calibrate the
instruments used by comparing them with a standard
instrument known to be correct on account of the
tendency of electrical instruments to read incorrect-
ly after a time by reason of their construction or
due to mechanical injury.
Each instrument was calibrated both before and
after the test and an average value taken from the
calibration curves in Tiiace of the observed readings,
These average values were used in plotting curves
and making calcxxlations. The original data as read
directly from the instrument was not recorded.
The calibr ttion curves using the average
values Ibllov.: .
(3)
'XB&Qm--^LoY fiotseF eiew atee* ©eexft Tol ©SBJ-fov bos,
i5isJbrLc*8 e dtxw mad* ^arijBifaoo ^cf beexf aua&ourai-eai
eril ">■.•' +fTj;rooofit (To :^os-rTOE r»cf o-*- rTr^^tT'r trr9rr<:rTTtsri:r
ic noxto.rfiteaco lierfi' l:o ccoessi 'coT 5l xeJls ^jl
arid- moil iTB3fBt' axflsv B-gexBrB as bns (taeJ eriif isi^la
.e-^ntbizat aevresdo srft "io soislcf at b&vrsro aot^BiallBO
.ISaBTCoel ton £m?iw d"nefKa-rt?K i e. xi "^Itositf)
Calibration of Yolt "^eter fS093.
^eston Standard
Volt meter fO-5) #5060.
.1
.22
.3015
.43
.492
.564
.668
.825
.838
.988
1.091
1.182
1.368
1.545
1.626
1.635
1.779
2.193 2.2
2.288 -.3
2.382 2.39
2.453 ■ 2.46
Tenpsrat^-re of Standard instrurrent 26.7? C.
f4)
Yolt
f 0-
rr
51
leter f609
.1
.22
.2025
.43
.51
.578
.69
.834
.89
.998
3
.13
.2
.368
.545
.65
.7
.8
Calibrition of '"sstcn T'llli-'^^jlt meter.
,5^5792 vith one ampere shijiit.
laboratory 3"':andird-yilli- Im.'.istsr *57^j£
Yolt meter 1^243 nnd 1.5
ampere 3hunt f4977.
.1 .1
.2 .2
.3 .SOI
.4 .402
.5 .503
.6 .603
.7 • .-705
.8 .804
.9 .902
.996 1.000
Te2r:pera'*:iire of Standard instriir;,ent 24,5° G.
(5)
Caiit»ratlon of Wgstcn ^"illi-Volt -^star
,f579S with 10 amjsre shiint.
Labocratory otandar^ I'llli- Ammster *57<)2,
Yo''t !--!eter *242 and 15 amr^era
ainmt *4977.
1. 1.
S. 1.99
3. 2. 99
4. 3.99
5. 4.999
6. 5.909
7. 6.99
3. 7.GB
9. 8.9 6
10. 9.92
Temperati^re of Standard Instmraent 24.5° C.
(6)
, c
wmi'.mm' .
STANOAl\D
\
V ",.■ ; 1 M
'"V-i-
Vj--,:;
t
•:;!\^
tt^ I
mm^ ■ '^^^^Tt'
-( '^ i
I I;] T R 0 D U 3 T I C
flO'
VL 0
:ci^
Pri:i:ary elgctrio 'batteries have ha' -i very
bad repiitation for supT-lying any "but small onrrents.
This is very imf ortrmate , as the prii^ary battery in
its proper place is an extrerriely TiseXul and c^-"-
vsnient generator of electricity. Th3 primary "bat-
tery -.vas V7611 knovm "before the advent cf the dynamo,
h"t the latt = r has made such v/onderful <^tride3 that
its rred 5ces;jor, the primary battery, was greatly
neglected.
The principal reasons, v/hy the primar:; battery
has had s'-'ch a bad repi:tation, seem to be, because
so many batteries 'vere brought out which '^ere falces
and mere impositions on the public; and that a jreat
many inventors and promoters have ne^lQcted ••md tried
to obscirre the important question of "^he cost of the
materials '.vhich are consumed in their battery, leav-
ing the uses t'^ f-'nd this nut f'-^r themselves; and
thirdly the mechanical construction of pri;.:ary bat-
teries, to deliver large currents has generally been
very bad, they -vers irrationally proporti r^ns-"' , h'^.rd
to handle, v^ere very difficult to keep clean, and
the process of filling and emptying 'vas tedious and
- sloppy.
In principle, the primary battery is a mjore
efficient converter of chemical energy into elec-
trical energy than the steam or gaa engine driven
(11)
■r Y.'^..^ifed
i.D &i
dynarao. This grg-it »\dVHntaj;c In mora thnn oo'^ntsr-
balanced b;/ Ihs fict •*. hnt 'he fns'I or.^'.mfld by ths
prl.-rary balterlgs is ranch riora exr^n^^'ivQ ■" han thit
U9a3 in stenn ijnslnes. Yst, T7?h''l« thli l3 trrio for
the prodiiotlon of largs ovnntitieg of eleotrionl
energy, it l3 ilso trre thnjL for th-j y^rod^iction of
small sr o-^anti tiss o"? electric.".! energy the rri'^iry
battery h.i? o'aite an advonta^'? in re.j.ird to economy
of ;JO.'.t ovar " n'S In'^Jia.lla.ti on of "in ^njlne an-i dynaTio
pl3nt.
It l3 the pri.Tiary p-'.rpoae of this Investigation
to hrin.^ o'jt the :noj e irportant points in the- be-
havior of the 'Tviglsr "rir!jary 'battery. To t>ii'3 end
fo-.iT cell's v?er9 teste'', three ]rota3'3i''3r" chlorate
'cell-^: '-J^<3 one "hl-JS 3"*: one" eel?.. In ord^^r to
have the oon^itiona of ''.he test a'"> near ay r'oa'-'jihle
to those vvA'ST -Thlch the hatterie'd m^tSit operate in
practice; thg elsotroiyt^ 'van ^-Tepared '7i th '^rdinnry
tap ^ater an-i th": cells nsrs rlHoed 1n •• r-^>r) of
?7hloh the temperat^ire ^ov.ld h<=. abo^'t normal. Althou2:h
the average ts"'T'er.at'':r« 'vas a lit* le lo'v, it 'va'? a^'^vt
as good 33 00^ Id be aec- rsJ vrlthont artificial heat
and this "tis-s not deemed sxr'edicnt.
The oelln aiibTnltte'-* for the teat '7er9 -^f ten-
porary conatr^iction, 'r. w^j.-ler havinj certain
chan^ea in deaign of par", s t- corrplete before the
(IS)
!\:b
C6ll3 ijvill bg placQci on the narket. These aremlnor
det-iilg and consist irerely ol' a porons oi-ip .vit^ an arr.i-
likar groo'veid bottom to red^'^oe *h€ q'j-mtity of raercnry
and a suitable cell cover.
The (Jugler cell has not been marlceted f'^r '^l-nal
service although cells of this type have been on con-
tinnoiis discharge at ''"he "^estern V^nion Telegraph Co.,
for more than tn'enty months on one charge, '"he cell
shows possibilities of larrre cost advantages over the
"Bine Stone" and "Ca^-''"^ic '^oda" tj^-^es of cells commonly
use-? on signal service.
Before assembling the cells each part or elerent
was carefully weirhed and recorded. The weijhts of
each cell "/I'll be found under '"'ei'^hts of Component
Parts of Cells". 'fter assembling the cells, each
cell was labeled and will hereafter be referred to as
ITo. 1, -lo. 2, 'To. 3, and ISIo. 4. At the recomrreAdation
of -.^r. Cugler. cell ITo . 1 was discharged through a
constant resistance starting at approxinatsly tv;enty-
fivs amperes by adjusting resistance to secure this ■
after cell had been in operation two hours. Cells
Sos. 2 and 3 were discharged through a oonstan*
resistance on separate circuits once every two minutes
for a period of ten seconds 3*"arting at ap^^roxi' ately
2,S airperes which is the noma] current consumption of
(13)
Tor'. : I ■ 91 r
.^■9:^1
eoBfrr
a^w
-rp +.
laonr
a semaphore. Gel" Ho. 4 V7a3 the comrcon copper
sulphate or gravity cell. This cell was rrerely
tested to sec-re c^T.parative data. T'h'H -ii^chirje
being through a perrjanent resistance, and it a
current rate of approximately ,5 amyere at the
start. Sach test will he explained In detail ^ith
the accompanying data and cv.rves independently of
the other tests.
ri4)
.^T-rxro
r)
HISTORY OF THE PRIMARY BATTERY.
(15)
(ei
' In the year 1767 Stilzer prepargrj an address
which was re'^d befor': tv*^ 'c-ademy of ^->n«>^-('6 >*-
Berlin, in \-.hich he anncnncei the discovery th-t
'.vhen two pieces of metal , one of lead and the other
of sll-vsr are placed together upon the tongtie in
such a manner that tiieir edges are in contact a
peculiar taste is perceive'". The importance of
Sulzer's ohservatlon was not appreciated until
G "ilvani had T.ade his important discovery that fresh-
ly prepared frogs' 16 2:3 when susioended by a copper
wire above an iron railing, twitched convulsively
whenever a portion of ths leg touched the iron; and
Tolta had demonstrated that t>. Is phenomenon " ..3 not
due to the presence of animal tissue but d'-e to the
metals themselves, (living rise to Yolta's contact
theory of electrical excitation which ascribes 'vhat
is now known as the "difference of .potential"
exhibited by two metals due to a simple contact and
not depending upon the medium in which they are
im.rierged.
During the same year that Oalvani's famous
work appeared; Oabroni described experiments which
he had mads -vith metals that he had plunged into water
and said he was satisfied that a chemical action had
taken place and that it was the slow combustion and
fl6)
:ylxs to
'•■ •*' f^. ,
:;• vi&e
oxidation of *he metal which ^ave tiss to tyie new
stimulijs.
Ths fact that the difference of potentials,
res-.lting from a single pair of metals dipring into
an aqueous liquidi. can he thus m-altiplied by arrang-
ing in order a number of stich pairs connected together,
was discovered by "^clta in 1800. t,^ riT'i r t- produce
the effect in a "'arked degree, he arianesd a number
of alternate layers of sine and cor->^sr; each pair of
metals being separated froK the next by a cloth sor.lced
with acidvl-ited '7ater. "^hs above arrangement "^olta
called his "electro-rjaotiv.e apparatus", but is
more familiarly known as Yolta's l^ile.
A pile of this kind when eoir^posed of t'venty or
more of these pairs of plates produces an appreciable
physiological effect '.vhen the terminals of the pile
are placed uron ths tongue.
This pile lead to the developemsnt of Volta's
"cro-on of cups" which was the first real voltaic bat-
tery or device which would produce a continuoxis flow
of electricity. This device consisted of a series of
glasses or cups placed in a circle; plates of copper
and sine were connected and arranged so *hat a plate
of Bine v;as place-, in one cup and a plate of copper
in ths next.
(17)
■JtrT.BR
'\ li ^ C**^ -
.T. T',- r-.l
.lEfOIO"
B eoirbo'iq ■ . 10 ^^;1e:^
-rp-vq-i:-- ^ Q^Q rjr vis
The oldest battery of eommerclal i-nportance ,
which does not have a derolarizer is t?i6 SM'je, devel-
oped in 1840. This cell han a positive plate of zinc
and a negative plate of thin silver, corrugated and
covered with platinum. The purpose of this roughened
surface Y/as to facilitate the dislodgement of the hyd-
rogen which is released at this plate. The exciting
liquid used in this cell ^7as sulphuric acid.
Amalga;Tiation of the sine was introduced hy
Sturgeon in 1830. Tht two-fluid type o-f -.-rl :ary cell
with porous cup to separate the fluids was ii-.v-snted
"by Baniell in 1B56. Criove, in the same year, intro-
duced the use of nitric acid as an el ectro-?iegative
fluid more po'<verful than the copper sulphate of th-i
Daniell's cell, '^rove used a platinum negative plate
to withstand the action of the nitric acid, aid in
1942 Biinsen suhstituted carhon for this expensive
metal. Poggendorf in the same year devised a 3l''igle-
fluid cell in which a solution of potassium 'bicromatQ
mixed with sulphuric acid was user! as a depolarizer
Instead of the nitric acid of Orove , therehy avoiding
ths obnoxious fumes without material sacrifice to po"-er.
Most of the batteries -vhich have been developed
since the Daniell cell ais i odificati^ns of it li gome
(18)
or-f* r
vet} x£i'.
(LM)
form, either of Its eler.ents, its liquids or the
dspolarlser used.
In the ][:'rl'nary battery designed and oonstruoted
by. Tfr. O-iigler during the past year, a cylindrical
electrode of carbon is used for the positive elercnt
3iirro-!inded by annular carbon filling most of the
space in the jar outside of the carbon element and a
cylindrical sheet of zinc placed in the porous cup.
T?;o rounds of mercnry are vse' i'r ■'•''-Ti 3 in'^er cur ^ r-
make contact -.vith "^he negative electrode. The elec-
trolyte used for both the outer and inner solutions
•Tvas sulphuric acid,. PotassiT^m chlorate 77as add 3d to
the outer solution for the depolarizer.
(19)
TH303Y CF "'^^^ ':'OITAIC ^"""""■^^^ITS .
(20)
'^her- conri.ercial zinc ij ai-.-ed into '311i;ted
sr.lphnrlc s-cid it is dissolved forming zinc snlphite
and liTDer-iting hydrogen. During the time that the
zinc Is heini? dissolvecl Gonsldernhle energy is lih-
erated in the form of heat.
If ohenically pure zinc is dipped into diluted
sulphuric aoid very little action takes place and
the small quantity of liberated hydrogen remains
attached to the zinc plate protecting it from furtlier
action of ■^he ^.cid.
If no".' a plate of pure copper is dip-C'^ into
the solution vdth the plate of pure sine vithout
touching, no aprarent action ensues, hut if 'vires of
copper or other material are attached one t" each
plate, the-' are found to differ in potential. If
the '.vires are no'v connected to the alternate term.-
inals of a quadrant electrometer a deflection -^ pro-
duced indicating a difference of potential of ap:.rcx-
imately one volt, the potential of the wire connected
to the copper rlnte "being the greater.
Results ^i iiilar to the fihove woulo he obtained
if almost any two metals are r.sed in place of the
copper and zinc in the above experiment , and ordinary
water which contains a small qv.antity of sotre salt
in solution. The only difference in the result roi'ld
he in the magnitude of the potential observed.
(21)
ot 3nx!inol f)9vIoe8J:f> '
-Lixi. t;x \;;^a;?£i2 ai^ av.^C'c . ' o::!^:
: g0.r;tOBtoiq c>
IT .
VL-.J Ic r
9q-x8 eve
.r.svieecfo lei- iter? to? r ebirtitfl
If now t':e wires are oon-eat'si a vigorous
action ensues, the zinc belnj dissolye'J art's hydro.cren
Is now rapidly liberate'^ from the coryer plate,
Olansii's advaxicacl, for an explanation of the
action -.vithin the electrolyte of a cell; the Idsa
that the ions of any molecule are not always linlcec
to one another hut th-,-' a continual intercharge of
partners, as it wsrt, takes place between like atoirs
of different nolecules. Thns, in a solution of so-
dium chloride, the sodium and chlorine of any raole-
ciile do not long remain attached to each other, the
sodium changes place 'vith the sodium of ^^ second
ino'Iecule and the chlorine ma^^ change place -dth the
free chlorine of a third molec^ile. This interchange
is continually going on at random as long as no
outside directive force is applied. yJach atorn while
in the free s^'-^.ts, between s^cces^ive pairings, car-
ries a positive or negative charge of elec'ricity .
If we assume with Heraholts that each metal for
electrode) has a specific attraction for electricity,
and therefore for the ionic charge"?. -* "r^'-.J^ be
assumed that 7,lnc attracts a positive charge less
forcibly and a negative charge more forcibly than
copper does, conseouently when plates of copper and
zinc are iro'nersed in sulphuric acid, there is an
attraction of the negative 3O4 towards the zinc.
(22)
'srlo svxi'^si'n. to ' ' ' '
r o •-• V
As this interoh'^ng-e of ions takes- place they will
be drawn to one or +"he other of the attracting-
rlate^, where they will be deposited, ^Ivlnj np their
respective ch-ir^es cf electricity. This action con-
tinues until it is arrested by -^he rp---"' ^ion of the
respective charges accrmnjlated on the plates. Only
infinite slmal chemical action now takes place imtil
electrical connection is made between the zinc and
coprer plates. 'Tsgative electricity then flows
toward the copper plate and ^inites with the positive
charge of the hyifogen atoTus wh-'ch moves toward the
copper plate to neet the negative c^irrent. Thns the
hydrogen gas is liberated at the coprer plate. A
stream of hydrogen atoms will move steadily in the
s^me direction, probably by sncces:;ivg rnolecnlar
interchanges and dsliver their charges of electricity
to the copper plate. This action will contln^ie even
after the externa] circuit is broken, until the
separated electrical charges v/hich qnickly accumulate
check the movements of the disengaged atoms by
repulsion of like charges, and all chemical activity
ceases. This ccnd1ti-)i-i -f electrostatic e:iixilibriua
is the condition ofi open ciicuit. T;ie two electrodes
will then bs found to be oppositely charged md will
exhibit a difference of potential.
(251
rf f)'r a *■
-noo rro ^^
Ixv.-r: soelcf ee
brr ori. i'^?e"'i'
ujooi;
■^bete
Tl^^reoq t
asJxa^f oris s^'
0 0 &X1-' i3'I£t.'0j
:rf0
Its
V+-.'
' floi-elirgsi
The ohe.'nicHl action which takes place in a
eel] on open cirorlt. tending to reci'ice its avail-
able potential energy, or ^oin? on "AiPi- ^'^-^ r. ■?>-.>,- 1 ■f;
is closed and '.vhlch does not contribute tovvard the
prcdnction of vsefrl current, is callefl local action.
This action is al'.vays present v/hen corr^ercial ::inc
is used, and is due to iinpurities of -i 'jonduotinj
nature; as soon as these particles are exposed to
the electrolyte, a local oircvit is forrced v/lth the
zinc , causing the zinc to be eaten a-.vay in small
pits-
To prevent this wasteful action, the surface of
the zinc is ainalgamate'l •vi th rerc-'ir;/. This is "^)'^'-:t
accoiEplished by dipping' the zinc into diluted sv.i-
phuric acii to remove dirt or Q-rease and then wash-
ing with niercury.
This arralgron seenc t-^ i^-r---- ^^ +;-;-^g si^rface -^-^re
zinc leaving dislodged iKpurities behind. Thes^
inipurities are gradually drop'-ed to the bottom of the
cell, thereby preventing the wasteful acti-^r^ ^f
local currents. This arcalgum of zinc with r.'isrcury
does not entirely prevent local action but it re-
duces it to a very small value as compared to the
value the local action would have if mercury ^as
not used.
(24)
~L£i'\
o 9nT
?t A- Clep
r . ^ :
cor+OB XfOOi
:XD e
eitv,Ici:toeJ
-12
t-rray^'j'T ^ffa-jarf^f TTSO
f'OII feSQI.
teie" fji Drrlfiv fla'
PCLARIZATIO!! A::D ^"^'"IARI.'IATIOH.
(25)
"^hen a siinplQ elecient, consls'tins for Qxar'];rl9
of sine ar.d coprsr In dilntea sulph^iric •aci'i, -Is
alloweri to s-nerate a oiirrent, liyarosan is evolved
at the copper plate. A snail amount of this hyd-
TO^en adher-s to the siirfnce of the plate raving
rise to an electror.r-livs force which opposes that
of the cell. Consequently, the ?.. IJ. ?. of the
cell diminishes a:-? soTn as a current is gensr-ited.
This decrease of potential of ihe cell increases
with an increase of current flowing. In addition
to a reduction of the E. '':':. ?. of the cell d^^e to
the dscoicpo^iition of the •electrolyte, *:he formation
of hydrogen is also oh jeotionahle in that it forms
in a layer on the surface of the cathode, therehy
greatjy incrensing the internal resistance of the
cell. This formation of hydrogen upon the surface
of the cathode is called polarization.
T:\s reaoval of this free hydrogen from the sur-
face of the cathode hy any ireans is called depolar-
ization, and the removing agent, the depolarizer.
It may he removed mechinically hy agitating the
electrolyte or oy temporarily removing the cathode
from the electrolyte when the cell is not in nse.
The chemical method is the most common method of de-
polarization usee, unci consists in -^Ticln^ sore sub-
stance a+ or near the surface of the 'j-^xhode /ith
Y;hich the free hydrogen may unite, the energy which
(26)
is Ii"h9rat6i3 by this formation nay "be "^^daer! t? */!ie
E. ■'.'■. F. of t";6 cell.
Batteries :ra:/ ^r r.- ■ ^^^ ^- p."! -■-- '^- <=.-r. rivr-.i-iit
"batteries and closs'^ circuit batteries d£;sndln3
■upon the extent to which polarisation Is prevented.
A c"!'-se'=! ^r^.irc^ -^'t battery is '^r\e "fhich is capable of
worliinj on a closed clrcr'it hiivi.-... :. odor-ite vO-ue
of resistance for a considerable period of time,
'vith but a slight di'^nn-' t"* on- in the valtie of ''^^he
current. The closed -•>—■+ >.- M^^-.r i .. ^v„to ^laarly
differentiate! fron tliose cells that are Mdipted to
give current only at short intervals of tl'^e, and
.that o-v j-*"-!^^ f^^" o-pf^r circuit v/lthout 'vasteful
local acticii.
The cell under test is of the closed circuit
type, : ^ "'hlch polarization is eliminated. "Oepolar-
i?.ation is ace japii shed in t-.^ • --^■'^ ^^- ^^"^ ^^''^ of
potassium chlorate according to the follo'vln;:
chemical formtila.
S'^n 4 mo-'C, =- 3Zng04H- GH
XG 1 0 3 + OH = ^G l-f SH gO
This rorraula would be varied slightly depend-
i^j^ upon the •imo-'Tnt of acid in solution. If a:-.
excess of Hg'BO^ is added an unstable compound of
chlorine v/ould be formed and free chlorine or sorre
chlorine gas may be c'^^Q^ off*
':
^27)
■-'+:,
.Ho -1-^:0107
DESCHIPTIOU OP THE CELL
(28)
{es.
The oells tested "/ere rade ■':)y The Battery
Gomrany of ^'il7ai:iVe9 , ^'isco>i"in oni fnin^,^ f-i^e
"Oij^lsr "^ri ;:-iry 3atlery"
The oells were all of one type ^ni consisted
In iDrlef of an enter containing jar of 'rlaaa for
holdin;^ the electrolyte, depolarizer, cartoon
cylinder, grannular carhon, syphoning tube and in-
ner prous crp. This porons ovv contains the zinc
element ";ith its tenrlnal: contn.ct 'h<3'r\'y "'^^^ he-
tween the terminal and zinc hy means of mercury.
The Clip is filled to one-half inch of the top with
the sar^a electrolyte as v/as used in the outer con-
taining Jar.
The different parts entering into each completed
cell were as near a duplicate of each other as they
conld he comT; ere tally made, ""le weights of the parts
entering into the constrxxction of the cells is tab-
ulated ZzT each cell under "'Jeights of Elements
Composing Cells''
The glass containing jar was 8.5 inches in dia-
meter and 11,87 5 inches high and made of material
approximately .81 of an inch thick. The hottorn of
the jar at one point is. formed into a small pocket
so that all the electrolyte will drain do^vn into this
f 2y )
r7f
-nr
little pock^it HS fli6 cell la drained. Ths total
cap5.c1^:" •^ - '■"'H'^;- is 5?n.!^4 '-'■-■^>-''^ '-^ches u'^d
tbe volijajs pf a vertical section of tlie jar one
inoh in tiaight is •. 50,7 emtio i?uche3.
TliS large oarb'-ni cylinder nsed^'via 9 .7:5 i^e'ii^s
h.,3tg]a and had a diarDeter o± 6.25 Inche . ' .6 tliick-
ness of tlje T^aterial fonnin? it was .875 inches. A
small cylindrical projection from the top of cirb'-n
of a diiameter '--^ ^ p-r.roxir.ataly 1.5 inche'^ •■'■^h a
re,3i50«d diameter at ^its top formins a shoulder f:rms
a-Gontaot lug. On this redrsced portion a metal cap
is oast of an- 9"'<;' -ending alloy ^i'^- ' c:'-> f-^r""!" hinds
the carhon .in cooling. Over ths i.ietal cap a gl'^^^
cap is plaoed which rests on the shoulder of the car-
bon lug and is made tight 'vlth aoorrpon^d bet"/een
the glass and carbon joint. The, gll'-i^y 'ja;' i^ l-irger
internally than the met a], cap and this space- '-i;3i filled
with a mineral oil which effectually prevents oamosisand
6leotrol;7S' "' ^':+'-""='^, •^"^'^ r..,^',^n^. .^i^.a >-c-fn]_ coi.fle.
The .sla«-3 |Cap has an axial perforation with a ^rcond
boss. On top 01 this c. up another glass cdp is ^"laced
j^-r-j •: o 'n'Tc-r-^-.l ,-^n}'-*-i -^-o ^"i! r^f in -T a CUT. T"' Tr>': ~"'^. f'lilj
glass oup and cap a sleeve connector witJi a thrsadea
stud on one end is passed .ind Is .drarvn down tight
by sormving in a threaded hole in the metal cap. The
(50)
ab-utting ?la3s cjps beln'' ^roiinrl no ^an'ki-^'^ "v.fpv-
iai is required to n:ake an oil tijht joint. V 12
Inverted cap whloh now serves the p^irposa of a oti->
is filler! 'vlth oil and thns all contacts to the
carbon element are sx'.b'nerred in oil .it!! are proof
against corrosion.
After inserting a jlass tiihe .5 inch® in dia-
meter and .11. inches long ir.-^r the pocket i^~ the
■bottom of the glass jar, nine inches of the aavity
between the surface of the jar and the carbon elec-
trode is filled v\th a grannular carbon ranging in
size from that which will go through a screen hav-
ing a mesh of ,S5 inch- square for the first seven
inches and for the last tv;o inches a size that ^111
go through a screen having a .575 inch mesh.
The porors cup is of unglased earthenware abo\'t
.186 inches thick and 4.186 inches in diameter and
10.75 inches high. It cor.taTns the zir.c slerent.
mercury and terminal -.vire. Connection vith the cine
electrode is made by means of a copper wire dipping
into the mercury pool. This coprer terminal is made
of I!o. 14 insulated copper v/ire encased in a glass
tube and an outer casing of hard r-jibber tubing and
terminates in an enlarged area .375 inches in
diameter.
(31)
t £10 0' lie 8rrrr:f ■ 5? Hi
■ (-»■- r rt-»
- ■ ': ss&oat i, 9C ■ '■■''■ leJ-'iA
i-'ocq; Sri;?- grcof
-oe-.c -Toc' -c^£ i£i, 3i;j IC : r i3sw;rsd
. ' rt PT OS
r SV.CI
. 1 e i p
The zinc elen-ent of the r^elT 13 in the form of
a cylinder "^.75 inches high and having si diameter of
3,5 inches and formed of material .1875 inches thick
"by rolling fro-^i ;t flat plate leaving a clgft of
approxlrately one half inch in thf^ atirface of "•'he
cylinder.
The cell is set iip in the follo'vin,?: manner.
After washing the ^lass ^ar, zinc and porosis ciap,
to re.Tiov6 dirt or other impurities, the carbon cylin-
der is placed in the glass containing jar. The glass
tube for draining off the o'-ter solution is inserted
in the pocket of the glass jar, then the remaining
space "bet-^een the carhon cylinder and the glass jar
an
is filled with gr-nnmilar carhon -''h-ch has^apyroximate
si^e of .25 inches, until an arproxiriate hejght of
7 inches is secure^l, then ahont 2 inches of coarse
carbon having a size of aboiit .375 inches is added.
One pound of potassitim chlorate I3 then placed on top
of the granmilar carbon.
The poroi-s cup v^^as now placed in the cavit;- ' n-
side of the carbon cylinder, and t-vo pounds of r.oro'-!-
ry ";as poured into it. The zinc alectrode Tvlt'.i its
terminal was then placed in the cup.
In order to make the test and conditions as
near as possible to what they ^70uld be in praotica
(52)
f"? ■Of^*'s ef'T
T CS + C> ( '*r* » r p\ r->
jiornt eexfonf dVBI. Ls'c's.Q&&i'A io taaixol 6c££ terion : c.c,
♦"fill £ (TfOT:! Tot ^rf
batTesftr £;i . ■ T ■"-ecTirt
pro
• VBff nod-sfiio
-rt ' ' r.9oaIq; wort tjsw >q eilT
: . - . ^ ' ■ • 1 e *
oeiq,: r ■
ordinary tap v/ater v/as used in rr.aJdnj the electro-
lyte. To 1 Tcncvn quantity of v/ater was ad'=igd
chemically pi:rs s-ulph-nric acid havin."- a apecific
gravity of 1.84 until a d-nsity of 15*^' ^a^jiDs' or
1.116 specific gravity at a temperature of 70°
Fahrenheit is secured. A portion of this electro-
lyte is then poiired into the porous cup until about
«5 inches from the top and the weight of this inner
solution is determined hy subtracting that left in
the containing Jar from the original, v/eight . Ad-
ditional electrolyte is then pc^;red into the cavity
around the carhon element, until it is ' •. ahout .5
inches from the *-op of the edge of glass. The
welghrt of th'^s o-'^ter 3o"'^'tion is determined as he-
fore. The ^-yeight of the electrolyte used In each
cell '.vas thus determined.
The cells v/ere allowed to stand on open circuit
for ten hours ''bef ore commencing tests in order to
allo"? them to reach a norn^al val^e. The voltage cf
the cell on open oircuit at a temperat'^re of 70°
Farenheit or 21.1° Centigrade should he about two
volts. The voltage of the cells immediately afi^er
assembling vas .16 volts and after standing 10 hours
the value of the S. T'. ?. was 1.82 to 1.^3? volts.
(33)
re- sffoni 5.
. WT 1> O 4, .1. J - ,^ J- *> ^ . 1. I- . . ..
Fe
( c;.-. )
The reason that the voltage airl not reach i hlrrher
value was ^ro'hr.yn-: partly due to the fact that the
temperatr.re v;a:5 rather low.
The cell may he recharged hy syphoning the old
sol-ution off and addlAg a new solution having a denaj-
ty two degrees higherthan the original solution in
order to corcpensate for the water left in the recepta-
cle from the previous solution. The syphoning appa-
ratus consists of two lengths of riihher tuhin.o; con-
nected by a ruhher bulh, one of -^he free ends of the
apparatus is to he placed in the liquid to he syphoned
and the ether end in the recept'-io"^ -3 ''^^l-r. ir/hich the
liquid is to 02 transferee!. The receptacle being be-
low the top of the electrolyte the flow can be started
by compressing the bu.lb, closing the opening below the
bulb ar.l allowing the bulb to expand, and the liquid
to be forced over into the bvlb. ITow whjsn the tube la
released the electrolyte will continue to flow until
all the liquid Is transferred or air enter'3 the upper
end of the tube destroying the vacuum.
(24)
■i?£f ■ ' ib egfitMov erfct terfl noeeei erfT
f
biO Bdi ' vO Sill'
c - . , ^ „ J. - ;^ ',. I w ^^ ^
"" .V U ^ »^ v' " ' Jo ^ ■ w i 1 ■ - '
-CQ . iS BriT .nox;tv li elo
c;r-' ■• "
sr't "cx Jbrra f
_e.,-r ■ ...
bQtt:^ '
filjrrnri erit Ilfi
rrti n h- v
(i^o
WEIGHTS OP MATERIALS
(35)
"T '.f.'^
r-'vvoT'xr
Weights of Oomponent Parts of Cell Number One,
Glass j»r.
Zinc,
Porous cup,#53S,
Carbori terminal,
Gass ayphoninf tube,
Grannular carbon.
Mercury,
Potassium chlorate.
Contact rod to zinc terminal
Outer solution.
Solution in porous cup.
6,798 Lbs,
4.05875 •♦
1.773 "
6.383 "
.0743 "
: 5.58S "
2. "
1. "
.219 "
6.355 "
3.647 *•
Total weifht,
36,09005
Weifht of zinc plus mercury
after test,
5.688
(33)
, enC lecfmuM 11 6 0 'io Bi^e4 :fnerfoqraoO '^o Rctri^ieW
,ii5[, esBlO
,OfTXS
,35 5-^. quo suoTO^
, Y•IJJO^eM
,ejfiiolrlo .TJJiasi5Jo4
ijBrixrme:!' onls oi boi .Ioi3:tno0
,ni;o 3lJO^oq ni aoijjJlo2
** aooeo,3s ^^n^iev.- fjB.toT
Y•IIJO^enl aulq onis lo Jrl^xeV/
.erf J
8ev.9
«
clV850.^
It
svv.i
n
S8S.9
ti
G^VO.
n
'S85.S
»
.2
n
.!•
n
GIS.
n
ci65.3
n
TPS.S
icF)
Tyelghts of Component farts of Cell Htunber "Two.
Glass jar.
Sine,
Porous oup.
Carbon terminal.
Glass syphoning tube,
Grannular carbon,
Mercury,
Potassium chlorate.
Contact rod to zinc terminal.
Outer solution.
Solution in porous cup.
Total weight.
6.907
Lbs
4.0625
•
II
1.626
'T
6.477
n
.0743
II
4.1543
It
2.
IT
1.
M
.219
ft
7.237
t1
3.106
n
36.8631
rt
Weight of zinc plus mercury
after test.
B,663
(37)
♦ owT lecffnirE IleO lo B-fts^ tneno^KoO lo strf^teYT
StfJ
voe.a
,i&i, eeelC
tl
•
,oaiZ
r
asd. ;
.quo SWOTOl
r
VVI'.o
.Ijerriari&t ao6ip,0
fi
s^vo.
c
idat gxiixioifxYe eealB
11
si-ai.^
"
,nocfTBO xsLxraastx)
tl
, 'jiixrot'e?.!
h
-I
,etjBTOIrfo mwleee^oT
TT
' ?rs.
, IsGlnne j
onls 0*" BoT ^op^ftoD
I!
V5S.T
.noiJ-jj-Xoa letirO
n
dci . :;
,q_iSi
D BXTOioq; rtf coiittrloS
n
ir,98,9E
.trf'giew iBrfoT
589.?. .test ted-ls
(V5)
Weights of Component Parts oi Cell JT-umber Three
Glass jar.
Zinc,
Porous cup. 350,
Carbon terminal.
Glass syphoning tube ,
Graanular carbon,
Meronry ,
Potassium chlorate.
Contact rod to zinc terminal.
Outer solution.
Solution in porous cup,
T4tal weight,
I
Weight of zinc plus mercury
after test,
6.582 lbs,
4,0C25 "
1.860
6.688 "
.0743 "
3.895
2. «
1. "
.219 "
6.739 "
3.536 "
36.65S8
^h,e>Q1
(38)
p9ixfT iDC'c::!-'!! IIsO io etTB? tnacfoqfotoO Ic etrfsie'i?
c« u ,^
S8S.3 .Tat ei^elB
,oe?! .quo Btroiol
886.
,a
S^VO.
^e<^.
• '-•
> W4
.1
5IS.
eev.
, ?
rrodieO
8r,?.?^.9f:
. 7/1 trot eM
.Xfininned- onis o;t 6oi SoB&aoO
,acttuto8 i9t!s0
,qm) eiroioq al aoituloB
(8S)
heights of Component Parts of Call Utunber Four,
Glass jar, 3.356 lbs.
Zino tarminal, 3.9S£ "
Copper terininal, .1211 "
Copper sulphate, 1.5 "
Weight of water, 7.265 "
Total weight, 16.2341 "
Weifht of zinc after test B.52 "
(39)
" li^eS.ax .irfgiew I^i-oT
PART I.
TEST HO. I.
DISCHARGIUa AT A CONST AST RATE.
(40)
.1 T H » '^
. I • . OK T S 2 T
.aiAfi THATgTOO A TA BW.ICfiAED8I(r
iO^)
FIGURE I.
A SCHME OF THE COHNECTIOHS USED
IN MAKIHG THE TESTS.
(41)
(i^)
TEST NO. I.
The apparatus used in parformins the testa,
other than the batteries, consisted of the
following:
(1) 0-3 Direct current, direct reading V/eston
volt meter.
(E) 0-100 Milli-volt meter and ampere shunts
for 1 and 10 amperes.
(S) Coil resistances and wire.
f4) Z louble pole, double throw s^/itohes.
(5) 3 Single pole, single throw switches.
(6) 1 Three pole double throw switch.
(7) 6 Yolt storage battery.
(8) Clock with second-h-.nd attachment.
(9) 2 Auxiliary relay coils.
(10) 1 Contact counter.
(42)
.1 .OH T 8 a T
,e:fSB;t eifJ- ■£^t::x-tc'iii>q ex bBSU esj-fstBjqs eriT
Qdi Ic &e;i-3iartoo ,serizf&B(i arlt aed^ 1^dfo
:SXii:v70lIol
noteeW anldeet toBttb ,&aQiiuo toQttd S-0 (I)
.nbfem tlov
etfl:x;rfe BTeqcie bas leJBin J-Iov-JtXXiM OOI-O (S)
,aei©qififi 01 boB I loi
.9ii'w 5n.? E;90fl3tsi:P9i IroO (S)
.8erfo;fi:v'e woixiJ eldnoi) ,8lO'i elduoC S i^)
.aerio^lwe wotriJ- algci-s .9loc[ ©XsxirS K (S)
.rfOCfiWE WOlrit BiCfXJOfe 9Xoq. 8 9TriT I (d)
.^'t&i-tsd egeio;^? J£cY 3
. JaeaufOB^fitB bn d-baooBB nd'iw jIooXD (8)
.eXJ-oo N^sXe-t ^isiXlxcrA S (e)
.isifmroo tOfitnoO X (QX)
(S^)
The apparatus was connected according to the sch-
eme sho^m in Figure 1. Battery #1 was connected in
series with switch #S,and resictHncs rj ,now by thro-
wing: switch #7 to the left, the closed circuit voltage
may be re^id on voltpieter V,and by openinp switch # 2
the open circuit voltage may be read. The current
of cell H 1 was determined by throwing switch * 5 to
the left and opening switch # 2.
Cell H 2 was connected with a counting relay, au-
xiliary relay contact ,s'vitch f^ l,and resistance r^^ in
series. By throwing switch # 4 to the left and op-
ening switch # l,the current may be read on ammeter A
o
The voltage can be read by throwing switch if e to the
left.
Cell # 3 was connected through a switch * 3, res-
istance r and an auxiliary relay.(contacti The cur-
3
rent was determined by throwing switch # 4 to the
rig'nt and opening switch # 3. The voltage being read
by throwing switch # 6 to the right.
Readings of battery # 4 were determined by in-
serting the ammeter shunt A-, in the circuit, and
connecting the Voltmeter across the terminals.
On the data sheets "I" is the current in amperes:
E, is the closed circuit voltage: E is the open
1 p
circuit voltage; D is the dorjslty in degrees Baume;
a: ■'
and"r" is the resistance of the cell.
(44)
-fi03 9xi>t ci -^ni hioooB beioeci-noc axjv; ajjj^iTfqqx? exlT
ax bei oennoo sew I^ \^ied':fBa .1 eiu^^i'-I ril nworfs ema
-oiriJ Yd won^ [t eonH + r^laei tnfi,S^ rioJiwa ditv seiies
e-^eiEov JiucTio f^eeofo --^1 ,J^eI en:t oi V^ rioJiwa -^fiiw
S ^ rlo:^lv.'a j^niaeqo yd f?n£s,V lectenjJIov no bre-T. ecf vBin
J^aet'iuo eriT .beei ecf Y.em e^BJIov .tiuoTio neqo orfct
O.J c. ^ iotiwa ^nrwo-irli Y.d ^e^xfm9:}oc■ acw I ^ Ileo lo
.2 ^ ric.tlwe ;|nia9qo fn£ :t1el esii
-tj£ ,\^al9T 5iiidrujoo f riiixv f^eJoennco axis S ^ IleO
ill 1 conrJaiee)-! tnB,I ^ rlc:f Iv-a , J o^ofioo Y^t^-fsi ■^if^ilix
-qo tna .lleL eriJ oct ^ ^ rloJiwa ."^nxwoiriJ y^ .aexiea
srIJ o^ 0 ^ rio.tjtwa ■<^^iwc^flJ y"o f^^^S'i Sj i"ijpo 9:^i3jIov edT
-ijjo 9riV lic£.-*iiOO).Y.Bl^-i \-^r.tL rxur-. nr. friB ^ 9crii?:!3X
^>
erf J oj ^ ^ noilvta ^axwooril xd csninnsjof) e£w dnei
fceei ^aiecT ej^^J-Iov etlT .S % rioJlwa :snJ:n9qo hn^ Jri:%ii
.J-u'-^XT 9fU -oJ- ? * rloJxwa -nfiwonrii •.■]■
-ai YO tonlaideb ©^9v.' -t^ % ^'^-'^•■-•0 'io a.grixLiiOi
bnfi ^^iuoixo eri^ nx j-A cfnurie lOJsucuiJ eiij uniiTen
. r:Ii3rtXETScf eriJ aeoTOB •leJemJIoV erfj ^ri.r Joon.ioc
jaeTsqaiJS rii: Jacnj^'D odS ax "I" aJeenc iKlJic Oiii nu
neqo erIJ ei 3 le^Bilov ctli/OTJo beaolo orf:t ax ^3.
;9(njj£a aeeT)<\eh ni yJiatiob orii ei Q :e^P:riov iluonio
.Ilec e:;.^ '^o eon^JnxGO-i e:i>j si; ■'T"£nB
(^^)
The value of"r" ia determined from the known
values of E, >Eg,and I by use of the formula,
r = Kq- ^-1
I
The temperature,den8ity, current, open and closed
circuit voltage was detormlnod every eifht hours
for a period of 560 hours. In teat ^ l,the cell was
discharged through a fixed resistance at an average
rate of .2097 amperes. The averare potential anpljed
beinf 1.554 volts. The circuit was disturbed but
momentarily when the readings v/ere taken.
Curves for each of the cells tested v^ere plotted
showinf the relatiox:; between amperes , volts, temperature
and time in hours. Gare was used in plotting the oi^
curves, they beinf secured by plottinjp from point to
point ani the average value of the ordinafces determined
by the use of a planimeter.
GalculationB and Results.
It will be noticed from a consideration of the
data, that the resistance of cell # 1 increased from
,1571 to .246 ohms, and that the value was affected
slightly by temperature.
Knowing the average voltage ani current per cell,
the watts output may be calculated r^rcm the formula:
W s E I
(45)
■ ■ ■ ; . 1 1 ■
-1.
F.'Ti/ori .-'a'^iP \jTeve horflmiGd-efe b<'i» O'^-B.-ffov Jii-otio
'■^strqfffS- 'Ilpl'itrre^orf e-^;fit9Va': ©ji'. . ^r'^eqrns V90G. . e:tx3i
.J ^.iiJioIq at ooeii fjisw eieO .eiijoil ni. etaiJ infB
fcoai'TTie Je ^ fj4.4.<i*i'f.^ f -Y" ,- 'to 9tjli:>v ?•« r .-':-^" f-- 9ff.'+ ^''tj' ■''I'tot
.aec^eraxafelq £■■ lo eejj erij y<J
.Svtlueeii fine anoi,+ Blj.folJB[J
edi Ic aolierrebieaoo jb sioiI b9oi^ori ed IIlw .'1
ino'.. '.p,e-\onl I 'i LLeo 'io eoarJetaei erii Ji-'riJ , i-.+ Bh
,e^^uiB1eqalei ^d X-t-^rfl-^'-te
:/?fu[mo'l erl:t cioil b©ct£ljJoI.po sd vBrn Jijq:fjjo aJ,tBw eri.t
I ['. =? V.
(f^)
and knowing the total nuraber of hours the cells were
dlaoharfed , the total watt-hours per cell may be deter-
mined by the use of the formula:
W'^= E I t
1
in which W equals output in watt-hourB,and t la total
time in hours.
Both the inner and outer solutions, in this test
0 0
had a density of 15 Baume at 70 Fahrenheit.
weight of zincf Hg before test = 6.05875
weight of zlnc4 Ilg after test = S.-^ot*
weight of zinc Gon8umed=.35l75# or 160 grams.
The area of the ampere-hour curve = ?9.S2 sq. In,
iqaq. in.= 4 arapere-houra giving 116.88 ampere-hours
giving an average I of ,2097 or ampere-hours output =
.20P7 X 560 = 116.88.
Theoretical losa = 116.88 x 3600 x .000336 *=
141,5 grammes of zinc ,in Wiich 3600 is a conversion
factor for changing ampere-hours into coulombs, namely
amperes per second, and .000336 is the electro-chemical
equivalent of zinc.
Therefore 18.5 grammes are conaiimed by local action
and the efficiency is I4I.57-I6O or 88.5 i,.
(46)
e^ew clleo eriJ 8^iJorf "to ^sdc!L■^: irooj e/ij .%:;iv.'o.i:; fcnB
-TOvtob ed x*-''^ Ileo aeq e^I/ori-c^.J£w lii^oJ ©rf:t , be:5Tieribeifc
3 L a ='''W
r
LeioS El J f:'^£^a^iJorf-i>tJ3w nx ,tuq;tuo^ aLeupe l«V rioiriw ni
. siuori al smiJ
J.eecf elrf;^ ni ^anoi JuIob Tecfuo tn^ ^e^al eri^ rlJoa
. JxerfneiilB'^ CV j^, einufid 51 1o 'iJienoJb b bjeni
aV8?.0,9 = >JEei oioled :^K -tonis lo Jxi^^i&v
,nl ,p8 SS. 69 = evTJJO luori-eTeqrne edi lo bqib erlT
B1J-'o^i-6^oqm£! 88. "IJ" 5nlvl?s B^j^Oil-o-ieqmB ^ =.ni . pa -I
= iuqiuo Biiiori-GaeqojB to V^OS. lo 1 e^B'jeve riP ^i^iivx-^
.83.911 = 095 X VP02.
n 9S50C0. X no^?: X 88.911 = ^;eoI Iv^ol^teioexiT
noxBTevaoo b bx 009? rloxflJt nx, onii; lo aenisiBa,-^ 5,IM
Ylernjsn^adrnoljjoo oJax s'lUoxf-eTeqmB ^alt^nBrlc ^o'i lO/tOB*!
l£of .Teio-o'-(,-t oole erit r^t 9f;S000, &nf,f)aooe8 ^9q aeTsq.TiB
.ones 'to one[£vliipe
riox^toi; iBooI yd berj/Raoo 6^B rsemoiaT* 5.81 eio'ieTerfT
,^' 5.88 ^o 091-^5.1^1 ax x^nexox'^'^e edd bas
(9^)
flost of Materials
Cell # 1,
Woifht of outer solution = 6,355 lbs.
Weifht of cup solution = 3, 847 lbs.
Total weifht of solution =10,S02 lbs.
Since density of acid = 15°Baunie = l.li6 sp. fr.
wt. of 1.116 sp. fr. ao-lutinn per cu. ft. = 69.6022,
per cent of acid in 1,116 sp. gr. solution = 15.904,
therefore woifht of actual acid in solution = 10.202
Ibs.x .15904 = 1.61 lbs.
As the cells were not completely exhausted, the
chemical equivalent of material used would be as
follows: HgSO^ consumed equals atomic wt. of H„SO
<-> 4
97.92
~ = 1.509.
• 64.82
The actual consumption of lOO"^ acid equals
1.509 X ,35175 lbs. zn. = .565 lbs. of aoid.
The corainercial acid consumed equals .565'i> .96
«—
= ,589 lbs. commercial acid consumed. Then at
1.5 cents per pound, tne acid used wouli cost ,884Cents
The K Glo„ consumed would be determined as follows:
o
since one molecule of a Clo combines with six molecules
o
of H and as,
3 zn f 3HpSG4= ^znSO^f 6H
6H f IvOlo^ = KClo^ = K 01 + ZMoQ
(47)
alJSXTeJjBM 1o JboS
.Bcfl JSE.B = nold-uIOE loJuo lo JilT^ioW
. 2dl V^B.S = rcoJ:.ti;Ioa que 1o Jii^isW
.ecTI SOS, 01- '■iOxdjJioe lo Jri^iov; iBioT}
.'f? .qe an. I - emujea ?•! = bi oi3 .^o, i-i^Jxeneb eonia
,S;SC(?nR;i = .JT- .uo i£q rfoxjiJloa . t.« .qe DII.I T^o .^w
,i^OC,?,I = aoi^iijloB ,t;3 .qe ^11,1 .fi bxcj5 1o .irieo rts.q
SOS. 01 = rioiJuIca fix 51 ox; Lsu^of lo >tii:^ cow eno'Jonerfi
,BdL I.?:,. I = Kieai., x.Rcfl
. ,ef[i,.f)edejjiertxo ijloislqnioo Jo<-( Qiew Rileo eciS eA
n/j ed 5IiJow bsp.u L^hie±m\ lo oiielBvxup© lec-xmerio
.oar,H Jo . J-w oiracJe siBL'pe bemuBi^oo ^'-''^o^l ibwoIIoI
f ... SC.VQ
.■^oa.i =
S8»>?=> •
el. Bijpe bxojK '^■'CCI ^ .fiSpXitqnj-'enco Iiu;JoB Qiil'
.hiOB lo .a:c(I 333. = .as .edIoVieS, x 003. 1
3G. ^5?^!?. Riflupo JbemtTEnoo btce. Iflxctemmoo silT
ii3 aoiil .hemjjEnoo .bxoxf li-i cjeauroo .?3di 983, =
aJae0^3:av,taoo Muow tesi; hxoi? eilct ^fcaijoq ^eq Bineo 5,1
rewoXIol efi ^e^fi^a'Ie,:^e^ 9d Muow hemusiioo ^,010 il eriT
c.
eeluoslorn xxb rijxv; p.vAi:aa\o-j oil^ a lo sluoelom ^,~;ri ;?oni3
, 6i- r-iif ti lo
HO ^j^CSnsf =^JP.^H5 + as f,
Soft? t IC /H = ^oICa = _oi;.i f HB
therefore atomic weight of K Clo„ - atomic wt. of K SO
•5 ' 2 4
wil] equal amount of K Glo_ required or, 122.28 7 293.76
= ,418 timee actual aci'l uaod,or .418 x .589 = .24C lbs.
K Clo ,an<3 since K 0 lo„ costs 9.5 cents per pound , the
amount consumed would coat 2.318 cents.
Zino consumed = .35175 Ibe.and costs at 8.5 cento p
per pound, 3 cents.
The total cost of the material used in the cell
when the average voltage of cell war, 1,554 volt?,
and the average current was .209 amperes for SBOhrs.
giving 181.2 watt-hours, was as follows: assuming
the available chemical efficiency as SO"?? for the
HoSO^ and K do, would be 7.02 cents.
'-2 4 3
The coot per K.W. hr. output would be 38.7 cts.
The foregoing cost shows the possible minimum of com-
mercial cost per K.W.hr, based upon a chemical eff-
iciency of 80"^ which seems to have been obtained on
complete discharge tests.
(48)
^I 3f>?. = G8c.. X eI^. ^xo,toat; f^xoB iBuio^ aemirf 81^. =
.a^tneo BIS. 2 i,:oo Muow be^nujenoo cfnuomB
erfi -lol Jroe ei--. ^oa-ioille LBoxmecio eld^IlavB eni
.ejiieo 20. V so Mjjov; oIO ii bn£ ' 02 ii
'' ^ 2 -»■
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no fsfixi'.icfo aesd evsri o3 smeee dcxriw >ob Jo ronexci
,s:f60J Q^iJBrioexf) e:feIamoo
(8^)
CELL BO. I.
Time :
E 1 i
E 2 ■
I :
D9n3lt ;
ty :
r. ;
Hra.
2 AM ;
.16 :
0 :
15 •
2 PM :
1.832
16.0
10
1.723 ':
1.766
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16.2
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8
6 M •
1.70
1.734
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16.4
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16
2 PM
1.73
1.765
.225
16.5
.1555
24
10
. 1.74
: 1.776
. • .21
16.45
! .171
• .168
: 32
6 IM
1.56
1.706
.215
: 16.8
: 40
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: 1.63
1.666
: .21
16.9
: .171
48
10
'. 1.594
: 1.63
.199
17.
.181
: 56
6 Mi.
: 1.587
': 1.620
. .20
: 17.1
• .180
'. 64
2 PM
: 1.58
. 6 oz . I
: 1.618
IgO addec
l .205
i
: 17.4
: .186
: 72
10
: 1.594
•1.63
! .21
': 15.9
" .171
': 80
6 AM
: 1.574
: 1.61
■ .203
! 16.5
': .177
'. 88
2 PM
: 1.572
: 1.61
: .203
. 17.5
': .187
': 96
10
: 1.656
i 1.695
: .215
': 17.4
! .181
104
6 AM
i 1.547
: 1.586
: .215
• 17.4
.183
112
2 PM
: 1.555
: 1.596
• .2151
. 17.5
'. .199
: 120
10
I 1.536
1.576
.205
18.
.197
128
6 AI^
i 1.600
1.639
: .209
17.8
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136
: 6 oz. I
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C E I I NO. I.
Time
': E 1
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: I
: Densi-
: *^
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: Hra.
2 PM
': 1.62
: 1.658
': .22
i 15.
': .175
': 144
10
': 1.598
: 1.646
• .22
• 16.
: .177
l 152
6 AM
: 1.566
: 1.606
': .21
: 17.7
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I 160
2 PM
•1.57
1.61
': .212
': 17.7
': .188
168
10
: 1.576
: 1.616
.212
: 17.7
: .194
! 176
6 AM
• 1.576
: 1.617
.22
': 17.5
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' 184
2 PM
• 1.581
1.618
: .219
17.
': .169
: 192
10
: 1.584
1.626
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: 17.5
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: 200
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: 1.605
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IgO ad dec
! .219
i
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: 208
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: 1.588
1.628
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216
10
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1.626
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16.3
: .186
: 224
6 AM
: 1.585
1.626
.212
17.2
: .196
232
2 PM -
1.582
1.623
.213
17.2
.195
240
10
1.56S :
1.61
.208
17.5
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248
6 AM :
1.51 \
1.551 ':
.2fi8
18.
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256
2 PM :
1.534 ':
1.575 ':
.21 :
19. :
.195 :
264
10 ':
1.535 ':
1.576 ':
.211 !
19.1 ':
.194 i
272
6 m :
1.524 :
1.565 ':
.21 ':
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CEIL NC. I.
Time
E 1
E 2
I
: Densi- :
ty
r
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2 PM
1.541
1.583
.213
'20.
.209
. 288
10
1.54
1.582
: .213
20.
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: 296
6 AM
1.524
1.566
• .2
20.1
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304
2 PM
1.534
1.576
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20.2
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312
10
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320
6 AM
1.518
6 oz. !
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[2O addec
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i
: 20.9
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': 328
2 PM
! 1.557
1.570
: .208
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336
10
: 1.52
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': 21.7
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: 344
6 AM
2 PM
: 1.526
. 1.554
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20.7
: .216
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: 352
360
10
: 1.527
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: .208
21.
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: 368
6 AM
: 1.517
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376
2 PM
1.516
. 1.558
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22. :
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384
10
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1.56
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. 22.1
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392
6 AM
1.503 ;
1.546
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22.5 :
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400
2 PM
1.502 :
1.546 :
.209 •
22.5 i
» .211 :
408
10
1.514
1.558
.21 •
22.8 :
.209 •
416
6 Mi
1.486
1.53
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22.9 ':
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424
2 PM :
1.53 '■
1.566 :
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23. ':
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432
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Time :
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ty :
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10 ?M
•1.52 •
1.566
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: 440
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: 1.524
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: 448
£ PM
: 1.511
1.556
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• 24.
: .214
• 456
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• 1.505
: 1.545
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6 AM
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: .213
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! 1.52
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10
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1.52
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PART II-
Test # 2.
DIBCHi^J^GIKG AT All IMTERMITrAllT RATE,
I lev:
(55)
,MTAH TliATTIMilaTHI ' ■ ■ •'IS^IAHOaia
(:vn
Test # 2.
Cell # 2.
In this test the cell was proparo'i the same aa in
Test#l usinf a solution having the same density.
The coll was automatioally discharfei for a period of
10,5 seconds once during each two miriutes through a
resistance fivir* an average value of current o€ 2,88
amperes .
The quantities on the data sheets for this test
have the same meaning as in Test # 1.
Calculations and Results.
Weight of zn+ Kg before test = 6.0586 lbs.
Weight of Zn 4- Hg after test = 5.642 lbs.
Weight of Zn consumed = .4166 lbs . = 188 gtns .
In 560 hours there were 560 x 30 or 16800 contacts
of 10,5 seconds each at 2.88 amperes or equivalent to
49x 2.88 = 141.2 x 3600 x .000336 = 171.1 gras ,
Curves were plotted showing the variation of ampereg
volts and temperature of the cell with time in hours.
The curves being determined by plotting from point to
point. The areas of the ampere-tirae curve, and volt-
tirae curve were determined accurately by the use of a
planimeter,and the average value of the current and
voltage were determinedtherefrom.
The zinc consumed by local action in this cell
.S ^ cfaeT
.S ^ lle'C
nt 8jn enjy.R er(:t ^o^Bqe^a bbv ILeo ecii ieei alAi nl
,y,iiBi-ieb emfe erii ^nxv/sri noxJuIoe b .^niau I^.tseT
lo ^oi^:eq £ To't he<^T^iioeib X-C-t'SoXttBmoiufi sf;v- IIoo erlT
js r{-5jJ0Tr(ct ee,tuniiT! orc^ riojse- :^ni'iuf) eocio aknooee S.OI
88.2 ao .+ ae'n.uo '^o pufov ssbtbvjb nx: *,.^rvr^ eoaBjsEseT
. 8 9TeqrnjB
:te&j- eidJ- lol Hj-eerie sdrsb sdd^ no eeli iSnaup sdT
,1 ^ :fBOl ai fiC' 5ninjee!i] emiJa art J 6vx?fl
.eilueeii ban enoio jBli/oIeO
.adi aee.O.a = ise3 eaoled ^K fns 1o c?d-?l9W
.ama 881 =.adl <^8I^. = beaiijanoc ai: lo .tri«5leW
eJo/?:}rioo OCb'3-r ^o Of x 0^>r: eiow eTerii aiuod 033 nl
oi ineleviupe io eeieqarB 88. S Jb nojee sbaooea 5. CI lo
.armj 1. 1 VI - etc? 000. x 003?: x P.J-f^I = 88. S xG^
se^oq'Ti.B Jo aoi jfJi/'v sdt ■5nxwodE fiej^olq e'tew r^.vviuZi
.aiuod ni emxcf dJ-Iv.- lioo eri^l lo f''Tij.^,RT[eq.ii9j- bnB ad-Iov
0.1 :ffixoq moTl -inircfolq ^d tertxiiiieiJefi ^tixsd Reviijo edT
-il-ov ^nB^ev^JJc QEi.-t-eneqciJB ed:t 1o BBe^i^ edT .Jnloq
JJ* To 8RU edi Y<^ yIs-^'^'IJ^'''^''*' F^enxmieoefj eifiv: 9v^t;o emxJ
LnB ino'i'jijo eriJ "Jo eulBv e^^ievB erii bnp ^leiecalcirLq
,mn-iJeiecijbeci.lm'^oieb eaov oi^jsilov
IIoo exilJ nl (iox.toxi leool v,d bornuanoo ijnxs 6dT
was 16.9 pmG , (therefore the ef-^icieiiov was 91. 25"^
Coat of Materials.
WeirKt of outer solution = 7.R37 lbs.
A'eirht of inner solution = 3.106 Iba .
Total weight of solution =10, /!,■;•» lbs.
Since the density of acid = 15°Baum,or l.llP lbs
sp.Fr.,a cu. ft. of thic liquid 'vei^hs 69.60255 lbs,
and GontaiTiH 15.904'=^ acid, the weight C" icid in
liquid is 1.67 lbs.
H SO. consumed = 1,509 x .4166 lbs. = .689 lbs.
100<?^ acid or .655 lbs. commercial acid/vhich would
cost .987 cents. The K Glo„ consumed equals. 418 x
o
.655 = . 272 lbF.,or zinc consumed would cost
3.549 cents.
The total cost of materials consumed allowinf ST!?
chemical efficiency for HpSO. and K Clo,,in produclnp
186 watts is 7.689 cents or 43.1 cet:tn rier '(.W. hour.
(5/?) ' ;
.8cfl Vfn.V = noi.-tLfloe leJuo lo iA^teVi
*
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as. b'tor -^o ^rlnx'^w ^;,{.+ , hiof. ^^Oe.51 oaljajijoi.' ^aJB
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Time
E 1
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I
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2 AM •
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: 1.821 •
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17.5
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3.01 "
17.5
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Time :
E 1 :
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I ;
Densi- :
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10 ?M '-.
1.34
1.65 ;
3.02
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128
6 AM
1.336
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1.646
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2.93
1
18.2 ■
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136
2 PM
1.326
1.66
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: 17.5
• 1176
i 144
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: 1.317
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: 16.5 i .109
! 152
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! 1.318
1.618
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17.2
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. 160
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! 1.33
1.636
2.99
17.5
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! 168
10
: 1.336
1.606
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: 176
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': 1.33
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: 2.83
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': 184
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: 1.62
: 2.875
\ 17.8
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i 192
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[ .0973
: 216
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: 1.346
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Ti318
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! 248
6 m
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: 1.3
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2.89
: 23.5 ■
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23.
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336
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: 1.3
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344
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! 1.268
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. 352
2 PM
. 1.30 •
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2.84
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360
10
1.32
1.596
2.84
24.
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368
6 AM
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Time :
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r :
Hrs.
2 PM :
1.28 ':
1.576 !
2.81 ':
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384
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: .1102
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! 448
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: 26.3
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i 456
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• 464
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! .1208
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6 AM
• 1.23
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': 26.5
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2 PM
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! 2.81
: 26.2
1 .1241
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Time :
E 1 :
E 2 :
I :
■Dfipnsi
ty
10 PM •
1.21 \
1.566
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\ 1.21
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PART III.
Test # 3.
DISCHARGING CELL AT AN IKTSRMITTANT RATE,
(65)
.i;i TEAI
,aTAH TKATTIMH2THI ilA TA JJHC 0HIDflAH03ia
(S3)
Test # 3.
Cell # 3.
In this toat the cell was prepared and operated
under practically the same cohditiona as cell Ti-2,vii},h
the exception that the value of the current waa a little
lower.
Curves were plotted aa in previoua teats ,3howinf
the variation in the value of amperes, voltsand temperat-
^jre with respect to time in hours. The same care was^'i'n
obtaining the average values, as was previously axeroJ-sed.
Calculatiobs and Results.
Weipht'of zincf mercury before test 6.0625 lbs,
Weight of zinc-f-raercury after test 5.663 lbs.
Weight of zinc cpnaumed = ,3995 Ibn = 181.5 gtns .
The number of hours in service was 560, the number
of contacts was 16800 and the amp-hrs ■- 49 x 136.5. '
The theoretical value of the loss of zinc = 136.5 x
3600 X .000336 =165.1 gms . The zinc conaunied by local
action was 16.4 gms., giving an efficiency of 91.85 'i .
Cost of Materials.
Weight of outer solution 6.739 lbs.
Weight of inner solution , 3,536 lbs.
Total weight of solution 10,275 lbs.
Amount of acid in 10.275 lbs . of solution = 1,635 lbs,
H SO^ consumed in the cell = l,5G9x.3995= ,602 lbs. of
iOO 4 acid or .627 lbs. of commorcial acid, and would
{66) • ■
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6eif.^8qo f-nii bo^J■«qe^q epw Liec edi ieoi sidi nl
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ei;if:ti:I fi Br.r ineiiuo arlJ '5c eulcv ed.3 iBiiS noi^qepxe erli
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.eJljjBSji bn£ eiiol^eluoIijO
. sra^ S.-rei ■= f;cfx SC'GS. = bernufinqo orris 'lo :trinxeVv
TOcfTua 9r{.+ ,09? af.v.' oorvise aJ: 2^t;ori lo ^bd^r:i.•n eriT
•" .^.■'^c;! x ON - p.^_ii-ar"B -'[is brtB C0B3I 8£w GJOBincv. lo
X ?.. 3SI = onxs lo eeoi eilJ lo ouli-.v iBOX^eiosrli erfT
LbooL x^ beraxiBnoo ouxs eriT .BU^^ l.d31= 3£5000. x OO^S
. ^ ^'.S'.IP "^c Y^f^S-^^-i'i'^e i^J^ Snxvxg, . em-ii ^,^I saw no Mob
.elfiliGiaM lo ^aoO
• Bcfl e?V.3 noiduLoB noivo Jo ici^ieV
.edL -iJiP.^l nolJ-uIoB ^e^.^x lo JriBxeVif
. Rdl 5V3.0I aolijjioa ^o irigxer iBioT
. sdl asr^.X - nol,tijIo8 Icedl aVS.OI nx Mob "^o icfuomk
Jo .Edl ?03. =cl(?f.'E,xtG2.'.I -- II&o orii ax hemL^aaoo kOS^H
Muovf h;U5.bxoxi li-lcio.'nLnoo "lo . edl VS3, 'lo fcx ob ^ COf
cost .94 cents. KGIO3 consumed =.418 x .P27 = ,262 lbs.
and costs 2,57 centQ and zn consuraod = 3.381cent8.
The total coat of materials consumed allowing 80*^
for chemicals used is 7.76 eta. for 178.2 watt-hra. or
43.4 cts. per K.W.Hr.
(67)
?.dl S9S. - " " ■, X 8I^.= bemsjenoo gOIO^i .s:tneo ^Q. Jroo
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CEIL NO. III.
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1.66 •
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G E I I HO. III.
Time
10 PM
6 AM
2 V¥.
10 PM
6 m
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM-
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
E 1
1.318
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.21
1.26
1.265
1.26
1.3
6 oz.
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.255
E 2
1.614
1.626
1.636
1.626
1.616
1.646
1.616
1.506
1.586
1.60
1.591
1.616
HgO added
1.606
1.614
1.596
1.596
2.81
2.81
2.73
2.66
2.68
2.73
2.91
2.66
2.74
2.86
2.79
2.89
2.99
2.81
2.75
2.86
Densi-
ty
19.9
20.0
21.
21.
21.4
21.8
22.
22.5
22.7
23.
23.2
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23.2
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CELL NO. Ill
Time :
S 1 i
B 2 ]
I :
Dsnsi- :
ty
r
Hra.
6 AM \
1.24 ':
1.58 ':
2.86 ':
2,3,6 ':
.iieei
376
2 PM i
1.24 •
1.56
2.77 •
24.5 •
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384
10 ':
1.242 :
1.576 •
2.83
24.2 ':
.118 \
392
6 AM
1.236 :
1.57
2.81 •
25.
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400
2 PM '
1.236
1.57
2.8l' "
25.1 '.
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408
10
1.24
1.576
2.82
25.8
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416
6 AM
: 1.25
. 1.566
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: 25.9
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424
2 PM
1.235
1.57
2.85
26.
.1182
432
10
: 1.23
! 1.56
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: 26.3
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. 440
6 AM
! 1.22
! 1.571
': 2.72
'. 26.6
: .129
'. 448
2 PM
! 1.25
: 1.574
: 2.51
': 26.8
: .129
: 456
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: 1.24
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: 2.66
: 26.6
: .1255
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: 1.22
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i20 addec
i 2.76
3.
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: .129
': 480
10
: 1.222
: 1.576
': 2.71
': 26.2
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6 AM
': 1.2S
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: 2.56
■ 26.8
: .1312
: 496
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C E I I NO. III.
Time ;
E 1 ;
E 2 :
I :
Densi
ty
2 PM :
1.E2 1
1.556 •
2.54 •
26.8
10
; 1.26 •
1.556 ■
2.53
27.5
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1.21
1.556
2.51 •
28.
2 PM
1.28
1.646
! 2.73
28.4
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: 1.24
\ 1.606
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! 27.4
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\ 1.25
: 1.584
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: 1.26
\ 1.57
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: 28.8
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512 \
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: .1376
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PART IV.
TEST if 4.
TEST OF A COPPER SULPHATE CELL.
(75)
pr
.VI THA4
.jjHo HTAH^jua anq^oL a '"do T?.aT
(ev)
Part IV,
Test ^ 4.
In thia test a copper sulphate cell was used. The
cell was prepared by placing the copper electrode in
the bottom of the jar and placing 1.5 lbs. of pulverized
copper sulphate or "blue stone" in cell and then filling
jar :to within. 5 inches of the top. The cell was then
short circuited for 12 hours to aeciore a normal condi
iton of operation. The weight of each part entering _:
into the construction of the cell was carefully as-
certained .
The current , voltage, and temperature were observed
at the same time as these quantities were observed of
the other cells.
Curves were plotted showing the value of these
quantities with respect to time. The areas of the
curves were determined with a planimeter and the av-
erage values determined therefrom.
Calculations and Results.
Weight of zn consumed was 1.472 lbs or CC6 gras.The
theoretical value of the zn consumed is 89.4 amp-hrn x
36D0 X .000336 =108 gms .
The zn Dvidently consumed by local action was 560
gme., giving an efficiency of 16.2'^r,
Cost of Materials.
Cost of zn at 7cts.per lb was 12.9 cts. and cost
(76)
.VI 3ibH
.^ ^ jbot
erfr ,beeu saw Ileo einciqlue leqqoo b ieei p.tiii nl
cii ebo'i.toelo aeqqoo orii ^nxoBlq ycf bortisqeiq afiw Ileo
bes Hc-jvljjq lo .sdl ?.! gnxoelq tnx- ^r.(. erfi "to raoJiod efi:f
•%ciiLLt'\ rierii Ln/J Ileo ni "uacJe sulci" ^o einriqluj^ aeqcjoo
rteri^ er.w Ileo erlT.qoJ erict Jo serioni 5.niilwiv; o^: ^J3[,
4bnoo l£(mon ij oiuoeft oJ p.-^uoci "^I lol feJxL'O'ixo ctaoria
:. :%:ij:teinB J^Jpq rlcse 1o JrIi(X9w sxlT .rioiJijaoqo lo no + r
-8£ \;IIjjT:o'I''c efw Ilec 6i"l>t lo aoi:f ojjTisnoc 6f(.t o^nx
, £!enxJS.JTeo
tevnesdo eier eiJjJjaaoqoioJ brufteiifi^Iov, >Jne'njJO stlT
"ito ^ev^ead■o eie-w aexJx^n/»t/p eaeriJ gb etnli etase erlct jxi
.ellec lorlio c\^'.+
enerii "io eulBv efl:f •s^nxwofts fcecfiolq eisw aavrtuD
erii lo eseiJB eriT .emi"^ oi Joeqaei ri.:tj:w aexJxdnJSi/p
-vx? srM fSni? Te^omfni'Jq £ ilctiw bsnxrme^of:. e'lew esv^uo
.EiO'fleTeff^ henlT/xeieb aeulBv e^£Te
.aoluaefl bni? bcio iisiiuoLeO
erfT.arn'?^ 83? io acfl 9yp,l axjw beiruenoo ns lo ^rl'ni'-;'/,'
X n'id-qmf; :^.(,'8 ex bemjBnoo nx &rfi lo ei;lijv Ijrcx Jencej.+
.eia^ 90 r^ 3£f;00C. x CCo:
03r? 8f.v' nox.Joi3 IbcoI ycf berauarfoc yTJaeMvc r;.t nil
.^P.9I '\o xcnoioiJ'ie iib y^ntvlz}^, .Bm^
.elBlisJ^M lo iaoC
ctaor- b:T£ .a.:to e,2I kx?w rfl ^eq.e^oV Jb as T:o JeoO
(dV)
of copper sulphate at 7 cts.per lb. was 10.5 ctB,
giving a total coat of 23.4 cts. for 25,5 watt-hra
or t9.17 per K.W.Hr.
(77)
,?3Jo ?.0I smv .cfl ■^sq.F.io V )£ eisAqlue aoqqoo 1o
.-Til.W.il loq VI. et no
vv^
CEIL HO. IV,
Tia;e
2PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
E 1
.25
.34
.24
.19
.314
.318
.321
.329
.342
.33
.33
.395
.31
.31
.31
E 2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
.99
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.15
1.08
1.08
1.06
1.08
1.03
.99
1.01
.285
.266
.269
.269
.246
.23
.227
.233
.22
.235
.222
.244
.26
.25
.23
.25
Densi-
ty
r
: Hrs. :
\ 2.57
: 8 \
\ 2.75
: 16 ':
: 2.75
: 24 \
: 2.78
■ 32 :
\ 3.26
: 40 \
: 3.
: 48 \
\ 3.49
56 \
i 3.35
\ 64 i
\ 3.49
72 \
\ 3.26
: 80 \
:' 2.96
88 \
\ 2.99
\ 96 i
\ 2.64
104 \
i 2.88
112 :'
: 3.05 :
120 \
: 2.84 :
128 \
(78)
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ISO
AiiT
8
f,"
32. G
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Cell no. iy.
Tirae
10 PM
6 AM
£ PM
10
6 MH
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
6 AM
2 PM
10
6 m
2 PM
10
6 AM
E 1
.28
.30
.25
.25
.24
.243
.24
.22
.268
,22
.22
.315
.32
.31
.31
.315
.29
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1.
.96
.92
.92
.91
.913
.90
.89
.91
.89
.88
.96
.97
.965
.964
.97
.95
(79)
.252
.225
.215
.215
.214
.215
.215
.22
.23
.22
.22
.233
.22
.23
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.23
.228
Densi-
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r
Hrs. :
• 2.86
: 136 ':
i 3.07
. 144 i
: 3.12
: 152 '.
: 3.12
: 160 i
': 3.15
168 ':
:' 3.02
176 '.
i 3.12
184 :'
i 2.96
: 192 ':
: 2.82
: 200 :*
: 2.98
208 i
: 3.00
216 ':
': 2,92
224 :
I2.95
232 ':
': 2.90
240 ':
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i 2.84
256 i
•! 2.9 ■
264 :
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Time
. S 1
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I : Densi-
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2 PM
.27
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3.
272
10
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280
6 AM
.275
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288
2 PM
.30
: .975 '
.24 i
2.81
296
10
. .29
• .96 "
.22 ':
3.06
> 304
6 AM
. .28
.93 •
.215 :
3.03
312
2 PM
.24 '
.89 :
.215 ': •
3.03
! 320
10
. .21
: .88
.22 ':
" 3.04
328
6 AM
• .198
.83
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: 3.
336
2 PM
.26
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.2 ':
. 2.95
344
10
.16
: .78
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3.26
352
6 AM
: .11
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3.35
. 360
(80)
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(08)
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(08)
PART IV.
SUilMATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
(83
.VI THAq
.sTjuaiifl "50 Pioi2suo2ia qua KoITAMMUJ
efl)
Summation and Discussion of Results .
The highest voltage obtained in this series of tests
was 1.832 volts. A greater voltage would evidently
have beensecured if the teraperatur-o had been a little
higher.
From a consideration of the cost of materials
it will be noted that cell # 2 gave the greatest watt-
hotir output in the given time. Coll # 1 gave a vratt-hr.
output 181. J2 watt-hrs. at a cost of 39.75 cts.per K.W.
Hr. for energy: cell # 2 gave 186 vatt-hrs. at a cost
of 4 3.1 cts. per K.W.Hr. for energy^ cell ,1/3 gave 17 8.2
watt-hrs. at a cost Of 43.4 cts per K.W.Ur and the
copper sulphate cell gave 25.5 watt-hrs. at acost of
#9.17 per K.W.Hr.
Referring to the volt-time curve it will be noted
that cell # 1 maintained an average current of .2097
amperes for 560 hours, with a voltage variation of
17.2 'fr^ The value of the current was maintained with
a variation of only 11.1 'fo with a temperature variatt-
ion of 8 deg. Centigrade.
Cell # 2 maintained an average current of 2,88
amperes for 5G0 hours with avoltage variation, flg-
ux'ing from the time the cell action became stable,
of 16,08 ^ and a current vafiation of 17.2 ^ with
(84
.eiLiseeh to noxReuoeia bne noictccimuS
Biaei 1o eelies aisii ni beniaido e^ii^Iov .tcsrl^ifl erlT
XL3ii.ebs.ve bli/ov; es^EwTlov 1e;^£■e1^ A .ecHov SS8.I sbw
elcJ-fil j3 need b£!i o'Uiieieqmei edi It t^'iiJooBrfeGcf svBrf
el^lteJfioa lo Jboo erl^ 1o noi^BieblRnco £ moa'»I
-ctJew vteeieen^ er{:f evxj^ g ^: Ileo :f£flJ beJon ecf XI iw cti
.'iri--tJi!w ii evjsr^ I i lIoO .onilJ; nevig erij ai Juq^tuo ^0oci
.W.X Teq.eio '".V.eS lo ^coc i^. ie .eid-oijsw T;. 181- ctJjq Juo
iaoo J3 3a . R'lrl-vt.t^ 381 ©vBg 2 ^ IIoo tY'^tsno nol . iH
S.8VI ovB'^ 5\t Ilec rvi-gierte lo?. .-iH. "'.;>■: <ipq .Svio I.Ek Jo
. erfct Jbai? iH.V;./i 'leq 3do ^,St^ "50 Jeoo i? :f£ . E^rrl-Jjev.'
lo .-inoop 3r'. .nid-issv ^,.■^.5 ovi?s Ileo Bisciqlus leqqoo
.iH.A'.H teq VI. G#
fcajon ed II Iw il evijjo emii-3Lov edi o3 gnxaaelefl
VQ03. lo in-muo e^i^iavf. n^ benii^JnlBm I ^ [leo ifrict
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rijiw henijsinifirf! bbw J■rt9^^uo erlJ "Jo eultv SiiT ^'^ S.VI
T.ii>lT.ev &i]Jct£aeqae,t b rfilw ^ I, II ylno 'lo noiistti v b
,8f3i5iiiX.tneO .^lef) 8 "^o nor
38,*^' "io ctne-njjo e:GtJ?^evI3 iijb beniijJriiBm S ^ IleO
-.5t*i^nol.tisii£v e;^£id-Iovc lijlw eTuorl 00r3 io1 BOieqcna
,eIdjeJ^R omxjoed notice Ileo erf>-t eiilJ eri.+ i■^o^'i ^ni'iu
r:Jxw -"^ y.VI lo aoxctfillfv JaoTiL'O b brtJS ^ 8:. 31 Ic
ivQ)
a temperature variation of 8 deg.G. •
Cell #3 maintainod an average current of 2. 783
amperes and apotentiol of 1.305 volta,for aperiodof
560 hours, with avoltage variation of 17,81 "'■ and a
current variation of 15.8 "^ , with a temperature
variation of 8 deg.C, This was obtained after the /i
action of the cell had become normal and the resistance
properly adjusted.
Cell M 4 did not give a very steady value of
voltage or current and was greatly affected by the
temperature, while the other three cells were not
so greatly affected by changes in temperature.
This is readily explained by the fact that the resist-
ance of the potassium chjorate cells varied from a
minimum of .106 ohms to a maximum of. 246 ohms, while
the resistance of the copper sulphate cell varied
from 2.57 to 3.35 ohms.
It is evident from A> consideration of the cost of
materials and watt-output that it costs slightly leas
to operate the cell at a low rate of discharge than 4t
a high rate of discharge.
From a consideration of the above results it is
obvious, that as cell ^ 2 gave an average' discharge
of 3.8 watts per second, that it would require 53
copper cells • to do the work of one KCIO3 osll.
(85
5RV.S "io •Jne'ituo oibibv^ hb fcenli;;taiJSiTi ?:% IleO
•^of)Ox^oqJ3 loJfBiLov SOf.I "io X43iJn9;toqjK fcnc aerteq-^js
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ocrieisissT erf;j brix: li'rmon emoood f).eh IIso ori>t to itGi&oii
.beieu'itB yjmeqo-iq
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.e^LrJ^i?^eqr^9>:t n.t ss^njado y^^ b9ioe'i'i£ YJ^>^J5e^g oa
-^aieei erlJ iB^.i ^rst erf+ \':d" bsnifilqxe v;Iibf,9T ei airfT
B inoi'i bsi'if^v alJeo siir"-joIilo muieeB^foq erij lo oons
eliriw.smrio 81^9. lo mi/inlXBrn £ oi erario 801. "^o rcBmiarra
bel:^i5v Ileo e.+ i:;iqljjF; leqqoc srid lo sonsctatesi ertj
.r^iurio ?Z.Z oJ Vg.S alc^'J
Ho Jaoo 8ri.t '\o noiiJBisbiBPfob.iA moi'i Jnebtve h1 Ji
BRel Y.I.jflT^iIo a^-teoo Ji if«rt:t ^uq.lL'O-ictjBw bn.f alBlie^Btn
it iijPrii e^^axin'oaib T-o o.t«T wol « i£ Jleo caj e:ti'i9qo ci
.c^-xx-vilcsifc "^o 9JBT riairi b
r.i di eJJuesT evodB ortJ- *^o aoi Je^obiBnoo b mo^''T
e^^£rioGib '02ii:T8vx! fii> evi;:g C % Ileo eb jx?il:t,BiJolvdo
oc oaiupei Muow ^i :fx?rlj ^bnooea ^eq eiifiw 8.E 'lo
.Ileo f;OI CJJi one 'lo i^ow arii ob o.. alloc nsqqoo
d8)
From a final survey of the poasibitles of this
cell, it appears that there is an extennive field in
which the KClOg oell might replaoe those at present
in use, with an enormous saving in cost.
(m)
nx ^L^iJ evirme.-txG nc c-Jt e-iu..j Mai:^ p.naeqqa Ji,II->o
ia98e^q Jb eaocii 'PC'i'.Iqei iriT^la Ileo gOlOii erl^ riolrlw
,J-e.oo ai 5ni:vjse auonnone riM rUif\eau nl
! ;^-< )
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